Στοιχεία Τόπου

Επίπεδα τόπων:
Επιλογές:

Σχεδίαση επιφανειών
Κωδικοί τόπων
Οικισμοί

Χαρτογραφικό υπόβαθρο:

Open cycle map
Open Street map
Κτηματολόγιο Α.Ε.

Γενικά Στοιχεία

Όνομα OROS GKIONA
Κατηγορία Τόπου Βιότοπος NATURA
Κωδικός Τόπου GR2450002
Κύριος Χαρακτήρας
Βιότοπος
Φυσικό Τοπίο
Δομημένο Τοπίο
Διοικητική Υποδιαίρεση Νομός Φωκίδας
Δήμος-Κοινότητα
Συνολική Έκταση (ha) 21879.82
Χερσαία Έκταση (ha) 21879.82
Συνολική Περίμετρος (km) 66.9
Μέγιστο Υψόμετρο (m) 2456.0
Ελάχιστο Υψόμετρο (m) 558.0
Ένταξη στο Υπάρχον Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο

Χαρακτηριστικά

Τύπος Τοπίου
Κλίμα
Γεωλογία
Περιγραφή Τόπου Ghiona is the highest mountain in South Greece (2510 m) and the fifth highest in Greece.From a geological point of view, Mt. Ghiona belongs to the geotectonic zone of "Parnasos-Ghiona" having limestone as the main geological substrate (the total thickness of the limestone layer is estimated to be about 1800 m) and only in some parts of the surface do flysch and conglomerate deposits occur. A main element of the above series is the existence of many karstic formations and three horizons of bauxite intercalating in the continuous limestone series. From a geomorphological point of view, there are three main mountain crests converging to the highest peak (pyramid). The most important of these is the one to the south with a length of 13 km. On both sides of the crest a ravine occurs, Reka to the left and Lazorema to the right. This whole geological feature posseses significant ecological importance. The ravine of Reka (12 km long) is characterized by large steep slopes, and seasonal rushing water, whereas Lazorema is 4 km long with high slopes (1000-1200m alt.). In addition to these, many plateaux and conglomerate areas exist.In the above geological substrates there is a variety of vegetation types with dominant species being Abies cephalonica extending from 800-1800 m altitude. In the lower areas there are formations of evergreen broadleaved species, with main representatives being Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, while in some areas there are individuals of Quercus pubescens and Ostrya carpinifolia. Apart from these taxa, in some parts the north-west mountain range small formations of Platanus orientalis and Salix alba occur. Above the limits of the Abies cephalonica forest, grazing areas occur (stepped grasslands). Also Juniperus formations exist, with dominant species being Juniperus communis subsp. alpina. Finally, in the rocky formations and conglomerates adapted plant associations occur. Endemism is quite a common phenomenon on this mountain: a plant species being strictly endemic to Mt. Ghiona: Arenaria gionaea; another 10 other species that occur on Mt. Ghiona all distributed in mountains of Central Greece, 14 species distributed in Central & South Greece, 13 species with a wider distribution in Central Greece, Peloponnisos, Crete, Epiros, and Macedonia, 7 species rare in Greece, and five species of W. Asia whose distributions reach Greece.
Κατάσταση Τόπου
Εγκατάλειψη οικισμών
Τάση Κατάστασης Τόπου
Ιστορία και εξέλιξη του τόπου
Σημεία με καλή Θέα
Μονοπάτια Περίπατοι

Αξίες

Οικολογική Αξία
Κοινωνικοοικονομική/πολιτιστική Αξία
Αισθητική Αξία
Σχόλιο για τις αξίες The presence of a great number of endemic or important species (e.g., Arenaria gionaea, etc.) in the mountain range of Ghiona, especially in the rocky formations of its summits and the steep slopes of the ravines, makes the area of great ecological importance. This is also confirmed by the rediscovery of Solenanthus stamineus, a plant species considered almost extinct from Europe, as it was not found on Mt. Chelmos during recent years, although it was found recently on Mt. Killini. Consequently, measures must be taken for the protection and conservation of this species. The following species have been allocated motivation D for the following reasons: Euphorbia capitulata, a rare species endemic to the Balkan peninsula; Helictotrichon aetolicum, a Balkan endemic; Cynoglottis barrelieri subsp. serpentinicola, a mountainous plant of rocky places distributed on the Mts. of Sterea Ellada, N Pindhos and North Cental in Greece, but also in Yugoslavia and SC Anatolia, which is included in the IUCN Red Data Book within the category "Rare"; Arabis bryoides, which is rare and occurs only in Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia. Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora (=P. hirtiflora) is included in the Bern Convention is listed in section 3.3 with motivation C. Moreover to the above mentioned taxa incorporated in Motivation D, some comments must be made on the geographical distribution of the rest species which belong to the following categories: a) Balkan endemics: Poa thessala, Minuartia stellata, Acer heldreichi, Dianthus integer subsp. minutiflorus, Achillea holosericea, Astragalus creticus subsp. rumelicus, Campanula spatulata subsp. spatulata, Herniaria parnassica subsp. parnassica,Hieracium cymosum subsp. heldreichianum, Myosotis alpestris subsp. suaveolens, Valantia aprica, Allium phthioticum, Arabis bryoides, Arenaria conferta subsp. conferta, Bromus cappadocicus subsp. lacmonicus, Crocus veluchensis, Hieracium naegelianum, Hieracium parnassi, Pedicularis graeca, Saxifraga rotundifolia subsp. taygetea, Silene caesia, Viola aetolica, Cirsium appendiculatum, Peucedanum oligophyllum, Silene radicosa subsp. radicosa, Carlina frigida, Cerastium banaticum subsp. speciosum, Galium anisophyllum subsp. plebeium, Galium hellenicum, Helleborus cyclophyllus, Hypericum rumeliacum subsp. apollinis, Lamium bifidum subsp. balcanicum, Nepeta spruneri, Scutellaria rupestris subsp. adenotricha, Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri, Thlaspi microphyllum, Trisetum flavescens subsp. tenue, Astragalus lacteus, Onosma psammophila, Verbascum graecum, Asperula aristata subsp. condensata, Asperula purpurea subsp. apiculata, Geocaryum pindicolum, Scorzonera purpurea subsp. rosea, Scrophularia laciniata, Senecio thapsoides, Sesleria tenerrima. b) Species distributed in the Balkan peninsula and Anatolia: Aethionema saxatile subsp. oreophilum, Carduus tmoleus, Geranium macrostylum, Saxifraga sempervivum, Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii, Pimpinella tragium subsp. polyclada, Arenaria filicaulis subsp. graeca, Achillea fraasii, Galium incanum subsp. incanum, Ornithogalum oligophyllum, Rhamnus saxatilis subsp. prunifolius, Anchusa serpentinicola, Anthemis tinctoria subsp. parnassica, Ptilotrichum cyclocarpum subsp. cyclocarpum, Acantholimon echinus subsp. echinus, Convolvulus boissieri subsp. compactus, Saxifraga sibthorpii. c) The remaining species present an interesting distribution range. Some of the above mentioned species are incorporated in one of the IUCN Red Data Book categories (WCMC 1993) : Allium phtioticum (R), Anchusa serpentinicola (R), Geocaryum pindicolum (nt), Aquilegia ottonis subsp. ottonis (R), Astragalus lacteus (R), Convolvulus libanoticus (R), Solenanthus stamineus (nt). Concerning the vertebrate fauna (excluding birds), some of the species recorded in this site are listed in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/E.E.C (see section 3.2). The wolf Canis lupus, which is a priority species of this Directive, is present in the extended forest of the northern Gkiona mountain crest that connects the mountains of eastern central Greece with the Pindos mountain range, and permits these animals to move from one area to another. The special ecological significance of this site is also evident by the existence of the Chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica, in the cliffs of the alpine zone. It is necessary to mention that this taxon is known to occur on only 10 mountains of central and northern Greece.The wolf and the chamois are also threatened species in Greece, placed in the threat category "Vulnerable" and "Rare" respectively, according to the Red Data Book; both animals are also evaluated by the Bern Convention.The quality of the site is strenghtened by the presence of some Other and Greek Important vertebrate species (section 3.3). One of them the Roe Deer Carpeolus carpeolus is a threatened species in Greece placed in the threat category "Vulnerable" according to Red Data Book (motivation A). This species has the southernmost area of its distribution in Greece on Gkiona mountain (motivation D). The lizard Podarcis erhardii livadiaca is a Greek endemic taxon with a limited distribution in eastern central Greece and Peloponnisos (motivation B). All the non-bird vertebrates of the section 3.3, are mentioned in the Bern Convention except the Wild Boar Sus scrofa (of which only the western European subspecies meridionalis is included), and the wood mouse Apodemus flavicollis. The listing in the Bern Convention justifies the motivation C given to the respective taxa. Also, all amphibians and reptiles (except the viperid snake Vipera ammodytes) and the mammals Sciurus vulgaris and Mustela nivalis, are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981 (motivation D). The toad Bufo viridis and the colubrid snake Coronella austriaca are additionally marked with D since they are mentioned by the CORINE-Biotopes Project. The Wild Boar is indicated with D since one of its southernmost Greek populations lives in this site. The Snow Vole, Microtus nivalis, receives the same motivation since this site is one of its few distant recorded localities in Greece. Finally, the wood mouse Apodemus flavicollis brauneri is marked with D since it is a Balkan endemic taxon.An important avifauna has been reported from this site including many birds of prey (Gypaetus barbatus, Neophron percnopterus, Gyps fulvus, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila chrysaetos, Falco peregrinus, etc.) which are threatened species in Greece. Some other rare and threatened bird taxa are also known (Dendrocopos leucotos, Lanius minor, etc.) to occur here. Gkiona is considered as the most important mountainous ecosystem of central Greece and one of the five most important in all the country. The other four are Olympos, Rodopi, Chelmos and Lefka Ori. From a zoological point of view, it is necessary to focus on the following:a) The occurrence of the largest Chamois flock.b) The permanent presence of the wolf. This fact is significant since the species is becoming extinct. Greece is one of the only three European countries maintaining viable wolf populations, but of unknown size.c) The distribution areas of the Roe Deer, Wild Boar and Chamois show their southernmost limits in this site. For the Chamois this site is the southernmost in Europe.d) The fact that Gkiona is an EC Important Bird Area. The invertebrate species listed in section 3.3 with motivation C is protected by the Bern Convention. The invertebrate species listed in section 3.3 with motivation D are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981 and one of them by the IUCN Red List. Pieris ergane is included in the "Listing of biotopes in Europe according to their significance for invertebrates".

Κίνδυνοι

Απειλές/διαταραχές
Σχόλιο για τις απειλές-διαταραχές
Τρωτότητα The existence of significant quantities of the mineral bauxite and its intense open cast mining has a negative impact on the whole ecosystem of the mountain range of Gkiona. The main influences are: - The disappearance of plant associations of rocky habitats due to the extension of road infrastructure (impermeability of roads, erosion, deposition of inert materials on the slopes).- The negative influences on the vegetation of dust (composed mainly of calcium) created by the explosions for mining and by the continuously circulating trucks carrying minerals. - The disappearance of some types of vegetation, mainly Abies cephalonica and pastures due to the creation of worksites and unplanned deposition of inert material. This activity is mainly observed in the Reka ravine. - The increase of negative impacts on the natural vegetation due to overgrazing as the effects of overgrazing are to reduce natural grazelands and to destroy the continuity of habitats. - The mining companies policy to leave bauxite remains in the places of open cast mines. A result of this is that many not completely productive mines remain which degrade the landscape. - Also, the future mining activities must be mentioned in the higher parts of the mountain with all their negative influences on the rare and endemic plants. The area suffers intense pressure from human activities. Bauxite mines, hunting, shooting, grazing, forestry, opening and extension of roads in or near the most important animal habitats are major threats to their survival.
Προτεραιότητα προστασίας

Πανίδα και Χλωρίδα

Χαρακτηριστικά Ενδιαιτήματα
Αξιόλογα Φυτά
Abies cephalonica (Κεφαλλονίτικο έλατο)
Acantholimon echinus echinus (Ακανθολιμών ο εχίνος)
Acer heldreichii heldreichii (Αγριοπλάτανος)
Achillea umbellata monocephala
Allium heldreichii
Allium parnassicum minoicum
Allium phthioticum
Alyssum gustavssonii
Alyssum taygeteum
Amelanchier ovalis integrifolia (Αμελάνχιερ το ακεραιόφυλλο)
Aquilegia ottonis ottonis
Arabis bryoides
Arenaria conferta conferta
Arenaria filicaulis graeca
Arenaria gionae
Asperula boissieri
Asperula lutea
Aster alpinus
Astragalus apollineus
Astragalus hellenicus
Astragalus lacteus
Astragalus sempervirens cerhalonicus
Aurinia gionae
Beta nana
Campanula aizoon aizoon
Campanula radicosa
Campanula rupicola
Carum heldreichii
Cerastium candidissimum
Cirsium appendiculatum
Cirsium heldreichii euboicum
Convolvulus libanoticus (Κονβόλβουλος του Λιβάνου)
Corydalis parnassica
Crocus veluchensis
Cynoglottis barrelieri serpentinicola
Dactylorhiza baumanniana
Dianthus biflorus
Dianthus haematocalyx ventricosus
Dianthus integer minutiflorus
Dianthus serratifolius abbreviatus
Dianthus tymphresteus
Draba lacaitae
Draba parnassica
Edraianthus parnassicus
Erodium chrysanthum
Euphorbia capitulata
Gentiana lutea
Gypsophila nana
Hypericum elongatum
Laserpitium pseudomeum
Lysimachia serpyllifolia
Minuartia confusa
Minuartia juniperina
Minuartia stellata
Minuartia verna attica
Ornithogalum atticum
Paronychia polygonifolia
Poa thessala
Rhamnus sibthorpianus (Ράμνος του Σίμπθορπ)
Rindera graeca
Saxifraga sibthorpii
Sedum apoleipon
Seseli libanotis libanotis
Seseli parnassicum
Silene auriculata
Silene barbeyana
Silene linifolia
Silene multicaulis genistifolia
Silene radicosa
Solenanthus stamineus
Thamnosciadium junceum
Thymus leucotrichus leucotrichus
Trifolium parnassi
Trinia frigida
Verbascum epixanthinum
Verbascum graecum
Verbascum speciosum megaphlomos
Veronica thymifolia
Viola chelmea
Viola graeca
Viola poetica
Αξιόλογα Θηλαστικά
Canis lupus (Λύκος)
Capreolus capreolus (Ζαρκάδι)
Martes foina (Κουνάβι)
Meles meles (Ασβός)
Microtus nivalis (Χιονοπόντικας)
Mustela nivalis galinthias (Νυφίτσα)
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica (Αγριόγιδο)
Sciurus vulgaris ameliae (Σκίουρος Αμέλιος)
Sus scrofa (Αγριογούρουνο)
Αξιόλογα Πτηνά
Αξιόλογα Αμφίβια / Ερπετά
Bombina variegata scabra (Κιτρινοβομβίνα)
Bufo viridis viridis (Πρασινόφρυνος)
Coronella austriaca austriaca (Ασινόφιδο)
Natrix natrix persa (Ντρόφιδο το Περσικό)
Rana graeca (Ελληνικός Βάτραχος)
Salamandra salamandra salamandra (Σαλαμάνδρα)
Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Οχιά)
Αξιόλογα Ψάρια
Αξιόλογα Ασπόνδυλα
Anthocharis damone (Ανθόχαρις του Δάμωνα)
Parnassius apollo (Παρνάσσιος ο Απόλλων)
Pieris ergane (Πιερίς η Εργάνη)
Σχόλια για τα είδη