Στοιχεία Τόπου

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Κτηματολόγιο Α.Ε.

Γενικά Στοιχεία

Όνομα ETHNIKOS DRYMOS VIKOU - AOOU
Κατηγορία Τόπου Βιότοπος NATURA
Κωδικός Τόπου GR2130001
Κύριος Χαρακτήρας
Βιότοπος
Φυσικό Τοπίο
Δομημένο Τοπίο
Διοικητική Υποδιαίρεση Νομός Ιωαννίνων
Δήμος-Κοινότητα
Συνολική Έκταση (ha) 12794.25
Χερσαία Έκταση (ha) 12794.25
Συνολική Περίμετρος (km) 75.1
Μέγιστο Υψόμετρο (m) 2465.0
Ελάχιστο Υψόμετρο (m) 405.0
Ένταξη στο Υπάρχον Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο

Χαρακτηριστικά

Τύπος Τοπίου
Κλίμα
Γεωλογία
Περιγραφή Τόπου The examined area lies north of the town of Ioannina, in the region of Zagori. It was established as a National Park in 1973. The core zone comprises the Vikos gorge which is about 10 km long and has vertical rocky cliffs many hundreds of metres high. It begins between the villages Monodendri and Koukouli and ends near the village of Vikos. At the bottom of the gorge runs a torrent that, near the exit, becomes a permanent river (Voidomatis). The peripheral zone is larger and includes the Aoos ravine, the area of the villages of Mikro Papingo and Megalo Papingo, as well as a narrow zone around the Vikos gorge. The ravine of Aoos lies between the mountains Trapezitsa and Gkamila and is formed from the River Aoos. It begins very close to Konitsa and is 10 km long, 8 km of which are included in the National Park. The northern side of Gamila consists of vertical slopes and high peaks rising above the Aoos ravine. Small mountain streams run from the peaks down to the River Aoos. In the area, there is also an interesting small valley called "Laka tou Tsoumani" and, higher up, a small permanent mountain lake called "Drakolimni". Various types of vegetation cover the examined area. There are riparian forests of Salix, Alnus, Populus and Platanus, sclerophylous schrubs and woods of either deciduous and coniferous trees or mixed woods. The variability of deciduous trees in the mixed woodland zone is surprising. Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis, Juglans regia, Tilia tomentosa, several Acer species (A. campestris, A. pseudoplatanus etc.) and many other trees cover considerable areas. Formations of Aesculus hippocastanum, Juglans regia and Fraxinus excelsior occur in the narrow, warm, humid shaded ravines and abrupt slopes of the beech zone.
Κατάσταση Τόπου
Εγκατάλειψη οικισμών
Τάση Κατάστασης Τόπου
Ιστορία και εξέλιξη του τόπου
Σημεία με καλή Θέα
Μονοπάτια Περίπατοι

Αξίες

Οικολογική Αξία
Κοινωνικοοικονομική/πολιτιστική Αξία
Αισθητική Αξία
Σχόλιο για τις αξίες This region is one of the most important ecosystems because of its rare flora and fauna. The landscape is probably the most magnificent in Greece. The geographical isolation of the area, the relatively small human influence and the great variation of biotopes and microclimatic conditions favour the growth of different plant species. So, the area is a place where many rare plants are gathered and conserved; some of them are considered threatened taxa. The ravine of Aoos remains in nearly virgin condition and in its extensive forests we can find every kind of Greek tree, as well as more rare plants and animals than in Vikos gorge. In addition to the Greek endemic plant species listed in sections 3.3 with motivation B, many interesting taxa are found in the examined area. A great number of them are endemic to the Balkan peninsula (listed in section 3.3 with motivation D). These are: Aesculus hippocastanum, Erysimum cephalonicum, Abies borisii-regis, Bupleurum karglii, Campanula hawkinsiana, Centaurea pawlowskii, C. epirota, Crocus veluchensis, Geranium aristatum, Lilium chalcedonicum, Ramonda serbica, Pinus heldreichii, Cardamine carmosa, Cirsium appendiculatum, Dianthus integer subsp. minutiflorus, Silene fabarioides, Taraxacum pindicola, Hieracium waldsteinii, Silene chromodonta and Viola albanica. Additionally receiving the same motivation are the following taxa: a) Aesculus hippocastanum, Campanula hawkinsiana, Lilium carniolicum subsp. albanicum (=L.albanicum) and L. chalcedonicum since they are listed in the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981 and b) Centaurea epirota, Crepis baldacii, Galium degenii, Scutellaria rupestris and Valeriana crinii subsp. epirotica since they are included in the WCMC Plants Database as "Rare". Scutellaria rupestris is also listed in UNEP as "Rare". Pinguicula crystallina subsp. hirtiflora (=P. hirtiflora), which is included in the Bern Convention, is listed in section 3.3 with motivation C. Of the Greek endemics, Centaurea albanica and Lithospermum goulandriorum are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981; Lithospermum goulandriorum and Scorzonera purpurea subsp. peristerica are also listed in the WCMC Plants Database as "Rare"; also included in the same database are Sedum tymphaecum and Rindera graeca as "Rare", as well as Silene haussknechtii as "Vulnerable". Another category is that with taxa having interesting distribution areas from a phytogeographical point of view (listed in section 3.3 with motivation D). Such taxa are: a) Cynoglottis barrelieri subsp. serpentinicola (=Anchusa serpentinicola), occurring in Greece, Yugoslavia and SC Anatolia and listed in the WCMC Plants Database as "Rare"; b) Crocus olivieri and Achillea fraasii, occurring in the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey, c) Lilium candidum, occurring in Balkan peninsula and SW Asia, d) Corylus colurna, distributed in the Balkans, Turkey and Anatolia and protected by Greek legislation (Presidential Decree, 67/1981), e) Minuartia juniperina, a chiefly Asiatic species, f) Campanula foliosa, Silene roemeri and Saxifraga glabella, endemics to the Appennini and the Balkan peninsula, g) Globularia meridionalis, endemic to Italy, Austria and the Balkan Peninsula h) Barbarea sicula, occurring in Greece, S Italy and Sicily, (listed in the WCMC Plants Database as "Vulnerable"), i) Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii and Carduus tmoleus occurring in Balkan Peninsula and j) Dianthus viscidus occurring in S Balkan Peninsula and NW Turkey. We must also cite (section 3.3, motivation D) Asphodeline taurica which is rare in Greece, Limosella aquatica which is in Greece only reported from dried-up meltwater pools and small lakes at altitudes of 1750-1900 m, Sempervivum marmoreum (=S. reginae-amaliae) which is rare and scattered in Greece and is protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981, as well as some taxa recently discovered in Greece: Telekia speciosa, Geum reptans and Verbascum nigrum subsp. abietinum. Furthermore, we must mention the presence of pure stands of Juniperus foetidissima above the village of Papingon, as well as solitary individuals of Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium and stands of Quercus cerris and Quercus daleschampii in the mixed woodland zone. Also important is the presence of Alnus glutinosa in the riparian forest, the populations of which must be protected in Greece. This site is also one of the most important Greek areas from the point of view of its fauna since it maintains a diverse and abundant animal life including some of the rare large mammals of Europe. Some mammalian, amphibian and reptilian taxa are listed in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Among them the brown bear, Ursus arctos is a priority species for the E.C. The population of Ursus arctos inhabiting the Pindos mountain range (part of which is included in the Vikos-Aoos and Pindos National Parks), is evaluated as one of the healthiest in the E.C. area. It should be noted that the Pindos bear population is the southernmost in Europe, isolated from all conspecific ones, which exist mainly in areas of eastern Europe and have a patchy distribution pattern. Regarding Canis lupus, the National Park of Vikos-Aoos, is an important area for its survival, since this species suffers from a strong decline of its habitats in Greece due to various human activities. The importance of this site is also indicated by the presence, although very rare, of Lynx lynx, which has the southernmost point of its European distribution in N Pindos. The Chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica, a Balkan endemic taxon, shows a discontinuous distribution on some mountains of northern and central Greece, which is the southern end of the species range. Taking into account the ecological requirements of the chamois, it becomes evident that this site is a very significant area for this animal because of the existence of extensive suitable habitats (rocky cliffs of the gorges). For the otter, Lutra lutra, there are many well-conserved habitats along both the Vikos/Voidomatis and Aoos rivers, which cross the area of the National Park. All the above mentioned mammals, as well as the bat Myotis blythi, which also exists in this site, are mentioned in the Greek Red Data Book (the bear and lynx as "Endangered", the chamois as "Rare" and the remaining as "Vulnerable"). Concerning amphibians and reptiles, this site is also of great importance, since it contains a variety of suitable habitats usually supporting quite dense populations. Of the amphibians and reptiles of Annex II the Orsini's viper, Vipera ursinii has the southernmost end of its European distribution in the Pindos mountain range. The small, susceptible Greek populations of this snake live in subalpine meadows of Pindos mountain range and they are fully isolated. Vipera ursinii is considered a threatened taxon in Greece (threat category "Rare"). Some freshwater fish species recorded in the area of National Park are also among those mentioned in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC. Apart from Rutilus rubilio, the others are threatened taxa in Greece mentioned in the Greek Red Data Book under the categories "Locally Vulnerable", (Barbus taxa) and "Rare", "Vulnerable", or "Endangered", depending on the particular population. It should be noted here that according to Economidis (pers. comm.) the valid names of the Greek populations of these three fish taxa are: Rutilus ohridanus prespensis (instead of R. rubilio), and Barbus peloponnesius rebeli (instead of B. meridionalis). Some more vertebrate taxa, other than birds, recorded in this site are evaluated as Other Important Species and listed in section 3.3. Five of them are threatened in Greece and placed under the categories "Vulnerable" (the large mammals Canis aureus, Canis lupus and Capreolus capreolus) and Locally Vulnerable (the fish Leuciscus cephalus vardarensis). Another one is Greek endemic (the rodent Muscardinus avellanarius). Most of the taxa are mentioned in the lists of the Bern Convention and have thus been allocated motivation C; the exceptions are the mammals Canis aureus, Microtus thomasi, Apodemus mystacinus epimelas, Apodemus flavicollis brauneri and Mus macedonicus and Leuciscus cephalus vardarensis. The wildcat Felis silvestris and the wolf Canis lupus are also protected by the CITES Convention. Moreover, apart from the frog Rana ridibunda, the lizards Ophisaurus apodus, Ablepharus kitaibelii and Lacerta agilis, the snake Vipera ammodytes, the jackal Canis aureus, the wolf Canis lupus, the wildcat Felis silvestris, the Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus, the hare Lepus europaeus, the rodents Microtus thomasi, Apodemus taxa and Mus macedonicus, and the fish, all the other taxa of section 3.3 are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981 (motivation D). The wolf (Canis lupus) is also mentioned in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals 1988, and together with the rodent Muscardinus avellanarius, is also included in the European Red List of Globally Threatened Animals and Plants (UNEP). Furthermore, the frog Rana dalmatina, the lizards Ablepharus kitaibelii and Lacerta agilis, the snakes Coronella austriaca and Natrix tessellata, the Wildcat Felis silvestris, the wolf Canis lupus and the fish Alburnoides bipunctatus, are listed in the handbook of the CORINE-Biotopes Project. The lizards Algyroides nigropunctatus and Podarcis erhardii, the snake Coluber gemonensis, the rodents Glis g. pindicus, Microtus thomasi, the two Apodemus taxa and all the fish taxa except Orthrias pindus, are Balkan endemics. The frog Rana temporaria and the lizard Lacerta agilis show the southernmost end of their range in Europe in the Epeirus district. The hare and the Wildcat are very rare animals in Greece, and finally the mouse Mus macedonicus shows the westernmost end of its distribution in the S Balkans. For all the reasons mentioned above, the taxa concerned are exclusively or additionally marked with motivation D. From all this analysis it becomes clear that a very rich vertebrate fauna (excluding birds) lives within the National Park of Vikos-Aoos. The existence of some very important European animal taxa, together with the occurrence of other extinct or very rare European taxa, emphasizes the great zoological value of this area and justifies its importance as one of the most significant and well conserved natural areas in Europe. The invertebrate species listed in section 3.3 with motivation D are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981.

Κίνδυνοι

Απειλές/διαταραχές
Σχόλιο για τις απειλές-διαταραχές
Τρωτότητα The Aoos ravine is threatened by various interventions. This area is ecologically more significant than the Vikos gorge. Several pathways link the area of the ravine with Konitsa town and the Vrysochori village, and thus, we frequently meet illegal hunters and shepherds in the area, as well as people fishing in the river with dynamite. The area of the Vikos gorge is precipitous and impassable during the longest period of the year, so that very few people try to pass it. In spite of this situation, stock-farming, illegal hunting and fishing with dynamite are some of human activities which occur in the core zone. Also a small flock of goats grazes in the gorge destroying the flora and vegetation. Agriculture, forestry and scattered human habitation take place in the National Park. There are future plans to built skiing facilities and roads in the area, as well as a cable-car above Aoos and Vikos gorges. Such a work would be catastrophic for the area. Any tourist development must be done after careful planning, taking into consideration that the opening of roads will a) break down susceptible habitats whose integrity is critical for the survival of the many organisms occupying them (especially the large mammals which need continuous, undisturbed habitats), and b) facilitate many illegal activities leading to environmental decline (illegal hunting, pollution, overcollection of the rare fauna and flora species inhabiting areas of high altitudes, etc.).
Προτεραιότητα προστασίας

Πανίδα και Χλωρίδα

Χαρακτηριστικά Ενδιαιτήματα
Αξιόλογα Φυτά
Abies borisii-regis (Μακεδονικό έλατο)
Achillea abrotanoides
Aesculus hippocastanum (Πικροκαστανιά)
Alnus glutinosa (Κλήθρο)
Anthyllis vulneraria bulgarica
Asperula aristata thessala
Asphodeline taurica
Aurinia gionae
Barbarea sicula
Bupleurum karglii (Βούπλευρο του Καργκλ)
Campanula foliosa
Campanula hawkinsiana
Cardamine carnosa
Centaurea epirota
Centaurea pawlowskii
Cirsium appendiculatum
Corylus colurna (Αγριοφουντουκιά)
Crocus olivieri balansae
Crocus veluchensis
Dianthus integer minutiflorus
Erysimum cephalonicum
Geranium aristatum
Geum reptans
Hieracium waldsteinii
Ilex aquifolium (Αρκουδοπούρναρο)
Lilium candidum
Lilium chalcedonicum
Limosella aquatica
Lithospermum goulandriorum
Minuartia juniperina
Minuartia pseudosaxifraga
Pinus heldreichii (Ρόμπολο)
Ramonda serbica
Rindera graeca
Saxifraga glabella
Scorzonera purpurea peristerica
Sedum tymphaeum
Silene fabarioides
Silene haussknechtii
Silene intonsa
Stachys plumosa
Taraxacum pindicola
Telekia speciosa
Verbascum nigrum abietinum
Verbascum speciosum megaphlomos
Viola albanica
Viola epirota
Αξιόλογα Θηλαστικά
Canis aureus moreoticus (Τσακάλι)
Canis lupus (Λύκος)
Capreolus capreolus (Ζαρκάδι)
Felis silvestris morea (Αγριόγατος του Μωριά)
Lepus europaeus carpathous (Λαγός της Καρπάθου)
Lutra lutra (Βίδρα)
Lynx lynx (Λύγκας)
Muscardinus avellanarius zeus (Βουνομυωξός)
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica (Αγριόγιδο)
Sciurus vulgaris ameliae (Σκίουρος Αμέλιος)
Sorex minutus gymnurus (Νανομυγαλή)
Ursus arctos (Αρκούδα)
Αξιόλογα Πτηνά
Accipiter gentilis butoides (Διπλοσάινο)
Accipiter nisus nisus (Τσιχλογέρακο)
Aegolius funereus (Ελατόμπουφος)
Alauda arvensis arvensis (Σταρήθρα)
Alcedo atthis (Αλκυόνα)
Anthus campestris campestris (Χαμοκελάδα)
Apus apus apus (Σταχτάρα)
Apus melba melba (Σκεπαρνάς)
Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos (Χρυσαητός)
Bonasa bonasia (Αγριόκοτα)
Buteo buteo buteo (Γερακίνα)
Caprimulgus europaeus (Γυδοβυζάχτρα)
Ciconia ciconia (Λευκοπελαργός)
Ciconia nigra (Μαυροπελαργός)
Circaetus gallicus (Φιδαητός)
Columba palumbus palumbus (Φάσσα)
Cuculus canorus (Κούκος)
Delichon urbica urbica (Σπιτοχελίδονο)
Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi (Λευκονώτης)
Dendrocopos medius medius (Μεσοτσικλητάρα)
Dryocopus martius martius (Μαυροτσικλητάρα)
Emberiza citrinella (Χιρλοτσίχλονο)
Emberiza hortulana (Βλάχος)
Erithacus rubecula balcanica (Κοκκινολαίμης των Βαλκανίων)
Falco biarmicus feldeggi (Χρυσογέρακο)
Falco peregrinus brookei (Πετρίτης)
Fringilla coelebs coelebs (Σπίνος)
Glaucidium passerinum (Σπουργιτόγλαυκα)
Gypaetus barbatus aureus (Γυπαητός)
Gyps fulvus (Όρνιο)
Hieraaetus pennatus (Σταυραητός)
Hirundo daurica rufula (Δεντροχελίδονο)
Hirundo rustica rustica (Χελιδόνι)
Jynx torquilla torquilla (Στραβολαίμης)
Lanius collurio collurio (Αητόμαχος)
Lullula arborea arborea (Δεντροσταρήθρα)
Luscinia megarhynchos (Αηδόνι)
Monticola saxatilis (Πετροκότσυφας)
Motacilla cinerea (Σταχτοσουσουράδα)
Muscicapa striata neumanni (Σταχτομυγοχάφτης)
Neophron percnopterus (Ασπροπάρης)
Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (Σταχτοπετρόκλης)
Otus scops (Γκιώνης)
Pernis apivorus (Σφηκιάρης)
Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (Κοκκινονούρης)
Phylloscopus collybita abietinus (Δενδροφυλλοσκόπος των ελάτων)
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax docilis (Κοκκινοκαλιακούδα)
Saxicola rubetra (Καστανολαίμης)
Sylvia curruca curruca (Λαλοτσιροβάκος)
Tichodroma muraria muraria (Τοιχοδρόμος)
Turdus torquatus alpestris (Απλική τσίχλα)
Αξιόλογα Αμφίβια / Ερπετά
Ablepharus kitaibelii fabichi (Αβλέφαρος)
Algyroides nigropunctatus (Κερκυραϊκή σαύρα)
Anguis fragilis colchicus (Κονάκι)
Bombina variegata scabra (Κιτρινοβομβίνα)
Bufo bufo bufo (Χωματόφρυνος)
Coluber caspius (Ζαμενής (Αστραπόφιδο))
Coluber gemonensis gemonensis
Coluber najadum dahlii (Σαΐτα του Νταλ)
Coronella austriaca austriaca (Ασινόφιδο)
Elaphe quatuorlineata quatuorlineata (Λαφίτης)
Elaphe situla (Σπιτόφιδο)
Lacerta agilis bosnica (Αμμόσαυρα)
Lacerta trilineata cariensis (Τρανόσαυρα της Ικαρίας)
Lacerta viridis meridionalis (Πρασινόσαυρα η …)
Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus (Σαπίτης)
Natrix natrix persa (Ντρόφιδο το Περσικό)
Natrix tessellata tessellata (Κυβόφιδο)
Ophisaurus apodus thracius (Τυφλίτης)
Podarcis erhardii amorgensis (Σιλιβούτι της Αμοργού)
Podarcis muralis albanica (Αλβανική γουστέρα)
Rana dalmatina (Ευκίνητος Βάτραχος)
Rana graeca (Ελληνικός Βάτραχος)
Salamandra salamandra salamandra (Σαλαμάνδρα)
Telescopus fallax fallax (Αγιόφιδο)
Testudo hermanni hermanni (Ονυχοχελώνα)
Testudo marginata (Κρασπεδωτή χελώνα)
Triturus alpestris alpestris(t.a. veluchiensis) (Αλπικός Τρίτωνας)
Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Οχιά)
Vipera ursinii graeca (Οχιά των λιβαδιών)
Αξιόλογα Ψάρια
Leuciscus cephalus albus (Τυλινάρι)
Αξιόλογα Ασπόνδυλα
Pieris ergane (Πιερίς η Εργάνη)
Σχόλια για τα είδη